Whether ‘tis more biblical to say
That God earnestly desireth life
And yet not decree it,
Or to take up arms against
Doctrinal confusion, and by opposing,
End the free offer of the gospel.
Ok now back to prose. Though that introduction may seem complicated and convoluted, this author must break the news to you right up front that the subject matter of this reflection may be the most complicated, specific, wordy and annoying yet. If you don’t care for that, this may lose you.
This article concerns the concept of the ‘Free and Well-Meant Offer of the Gospel’, and will be primarily an analysis on Sam Waldron’s book, The Crux of the Free Offer of the Gospel. We will firstly define what is meant by that phrase, and then get stride forth into the weeds to see if it is biblical. Let the reader know this up front: this author does not have the answer, only some very important questions.
Free
A ‘free’ offer, in this context, is twofold. It is (a) given without price, as a gift, and (b) given to all, without distinction. It is offered ‘for free’, and it is offered ‘freely’ to all. The opposite of this would be any offer that is transactional (requires something to be traded or given, as if in purchase), or any offer where the audience of the offer is restricted to only those fitting into a certain category.
Well-meant
A ‘well-meant’ offer, in this context, implies the ability and genuine desire on the part of the giver to bestow the thing offered, and the genuine desire that the party to whom it is offered should receive it. The opposite of a ‘well-meant’ offer is when you offer your sibling chips off your plate, secretly hoping that they won’t say yes, because then you get to keep all your chips, and you have the moral superiority of having offered them.
Gospel
The ‘gospel’, in this context, refers to the truth of Christ Jesus’ perfect righteousness, substitutionary atonement, and resurrection, and the proclamation that all who turn to Jesus in faith will experience the Great Exchange: their sin for his righteousness, their death for his life.
The case for the Free and Well-Meant Offer
This analysis will not cover all the aspects of Waldron’s argument, in particular we will be passing over his analysis of the presence of the Free Offer in church history, and in the Reformed Confessions. Suffice it to say that something like the Free Offer does appear to feature in those fathers and confessions.
We will here analyse only the biblical argumentation, and collectively scratch our heads as we do.
A necessary distinction
The first and fundamental distinction that is basic to all the other arguments henceforth is that distinction between God’s Decretive will and his Preceptive will. God’s decree, or will of decree, or decretive will (we will use these terms interchangeably) is the simple one to understand.
In him we have obtained an inheritance, having been predestined according to the purpose of him who works all things according to the counsel of his will, so that we who were the first to hope in Christ might be to the praise of his glory. (Ephesians 1:11-12, emphasis mine)
God’s decree is his sovereign, comprehensive determination of all things that take place in history (by no means considering him the author of evil though), from the moment of creation to the inauguration of the eternal state, the entirety of which God planned and knew prior to creation. When we speak of God’s decretive will, we are speaking about things that will actually and surely happen, as firmly as God will remain God. God’s decree therefore involves both (a) good things that he has commanded to take place, such as Moses’ deliverance of the Israelites from Egypt, and (b) bad things that represent a rejection of God’s rules, such as the sinful thoughts and actions of this author, and his patient reader.
God’s preceptive will, on the other hand, represents things that God has instructed mankind to do, which sometimes do not come to pass, and which are rejected. For instance, God gave the 10 Commandments to his people, and sometimes they are obeyed, in which case we can say that we are obeying his will, and sometimes they are violated by man, in which case we can say that man is rejecting/opposing his will.
It is utterly important that we do not mix or confuse these two concepts. Both can be undeniably demonstrated by various texts to be proper and necessary categories indigenous to the Scriptures.
Preceptive will: Matt 17:21, 12:50, 21:31, Mark 3:35, Luke 12:47, etc
Decretive will: Matt 18:14, 26:42, John 1:13, Acts 21:14, Romans 1:10, etc
Later we will further consider what this means for Divine Simplicity and for God’s decree as instruction vs desire.
The following are four key texts that Waldron uses as evidence to demonstrate God’s “unfulfilled desire” to bring about spiritual blessing. Establishing that this indeed occurs (God having genuine and unfulfilled desire) is a necessary foundation for his argument so that he can argue that God can have another unfulfilled desire: that ineffectual desire to save the reprobate. In each quotation, we are emboldening the part of the reference most in question. So, let’s look at the texts!
Deuteronomy 5:28-29
“And the Lord heard your words, when you spoke to me. And the Lord said to me, ‘I have heard the words of this people, which they have spoken to you. They are right in all that they have spoken. Oh that they had such a heart as this always, to fear me and to keep all my commandments, that it might go well with them and with their descendants forever!
The above text (which we firstly studied in its chapter context before copying it here) does appear to demonstrate God expressing approval or desire that his people would fear him and keep his commandments.
The main question that we would have you mull over, astute reader, is if this is the statement of a counterfactual state of mind (e.g. if this author said “I would be so happy if I could press a button and turn all of Japan into Christians”). Such a counterfactual does not logically necessitate the statement that this author ‘wills to press a button to save all of Japan’, because this author knows that such a thing absolutely will not happen, because it is not in line with God’s clear statements about how he made the world. This author has no unfulfilled desires regarding Japanese button-salvation because what was expressed was this author’s propensity to love and enjoy the salvation of those who do not know God, so it would be natural to want to bring that to pass. Since such a propensity did not reach the point of being willed (it was conceived in a counterfactual scenario), we will henceforth refer to such things as ‘pre-volitional propensities’.
If indeed, this was some kind of counterfactual statement along the lines mentioned, then the text becomes far more complicated. If it was not that, but was much more simply a statement of actual desire that reached the point of being a positively willed outcome, we encounter the following conclusion, which this author will seek to lay out in a logical syllogism.
- God has desires which he fulfils
- God has desires which he does not fulfil
- Therefore, God desires some things ineffectually
- The salvation of the reprobate cannot come to pass
- God wills the salvation of the reprobate
- Therefore, God wills the salvation of the reprobate ineffectually
- It is misleading to use the same unqualified phrase two mean two fundamentally different things
- God’s effectual saving will towards his elect is fundamentally different from his ineffectual saving will towards the reprobate
- It is misleading to use the phrase ‘God wills their salvation’ equally, unqualified, of both the elect and the reprobate
As we drag our feet through this murky terrain, a thought may be occurring to you. ‘When he says God has an ineffectual will towards the salvation of the reprobate, is he not simply describing the revealed or preceptive will?’ If this were the case, and God’s saving will towards the reprobate was simply just his revealed will that all people everywhere ought to repent of their sinful ways and come to Jesus in contrition and humility, then this whole subject would be a lot simpler. However, it appears that Waldron is saying more than this.
One issue that this author has with the use of this text (Deut 5) is that the unactualised blessing here cannot be simply ‘spiritual’, which was the banner under which Waldron referenced it. This author would say that in the Deut 5 context, it should be either a material blessing (that it might go well with them ‘in the land’ to use 5th commandment terminology) or both material and spiritual. However, recognising that this issue is tangential to Waldron’s argument, we will settle for calling this an oversight on his part, and not a substantial flaw in his argumentation.
Deuteronomy 32:28-29
“For they are a nation void of counsel,
and there is no understanding in them.
If they were wise, they would understand this;
they would discern their latter end!
This author finds it rather tenuous to take this text and load into it God’s unfulfilled desire for spiritual blessing. The text makes counterfactual statements, but does not explicitly demonstrate God’s desire for that end. Granted, it is totally in line with how God often speaks in his word to say that he would love for people to turn from their wicked ways, but we reckon that this text shouldn’t bear the weight of that claim.
Psalm 81:11-16
“But my people did not listen to my voice;
Israel would not submit to me.
So I gave them over to their stubborn hearts,
to follow their own counsels.
Oh, that my people would listen to me,
that Israel would walk in my ways!
I would soon subdue their enemies
and turn my hand against their foes.
Those who hate the Lord would cringe toward him,
and their fate would last forever.
But he would feed you with the finest of the wheat,
and with honey from the rock I would satisfy you.”
The blessings that God here says he would readily pour out for his people are wonderful, truly. The subduing of their enemies and God’s provision of fine wheat and honey from the rock are lovely things. The thing we find most intriguing about this text is that right before God’s big exclamation, he clearly says that he “gave them over to their stubborn hearts”, which is the language of judicial hardening. We note this simply to mention that we see something else of God’s will here, namely, his good pleasure in unleashing some men to pursue the full extent of their natural wickedness. In that context, the following words seem more mournful, and more like “they are so wicked! It’s hard to believe they continue to rebel and yet they do. Little do they know how good it would’ve been for them if they obeyed me…”
Also, the wonderful truth we should quickly touch on and remind ourselves of is that the true servant of God did walk in his ways, and God is subduing all his enemies under his feet (Ps 110, 1 Cor 15) until the kingdom has spread over all the earth.
Isaiah 48:17-22
Thus says the Lord,
your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel:
“I am the Lord your God,
who teaches you to profit,
who leads you in the way you should go.
Oh that you had paid attention to my commandments!
Then your peace would have been like a river,
and your righteousness like the waves of the sea;
your offspring would have been like the sand,
and your descendants like its grains;
their name would never be cut off
or destroyed from before me.”
Go out from Babylon, flee from Chaldea,
declare this with a shout of joy, proclaim it,
send it out to the end of the earth;
say, “The Lord has redeemed his servant Jacob!”
21 They did not thirst when he led them through the deserts;
he made water flow for them from the rock;
he split the rock and the water gushed out.
22 “There is no peace,” says the Lord, “for the wicked.”
On pain of not repeating the same conclusion verbatim each time, let’s simply point out here that God laments the unfaithfulness and resultant judgement of his people, and emphasises the blessings they would have enjoyed if they had been faithful. Yet, he describes how he has redeemed his people, and how the wicked receive judgement. In all fairness, this author can see how this text would be read either way: to say that God’s desire here for their comprehensive blessing is unfulfilled, or how God is describing out of almost frustration how good they would have had it if they had been faithful.
John 5:34
Waldron makes John 5:34 his central text, or at least his primary example of God’s desire for the salvation of those who will not ultimately be saved.
If this author is being honest, John 5:30-47 is a pretty confusing section, where Jesus is dealing with what makes evidence or testimony valid, and what testimony the religious leaders have received, etc. However, this author currently thinks that this passage primarily shows Jesus confronting the misplaced hope of the Pharisees with the clear testimony and necessary witnesses to leave no doubt in their minds that he is the salvation that their people have been waiting for, and yet they will certainly not believe. Indeed, they won’t even truly believe Moses’ words, whom they ostensibly trust.
In conclusion, when Jesus says “I say these things that you may be saved”, it appears to us that this means something like “I have now given you all the light you could possibly want, every teaching that would give you the understanding and opportunity to come to me for salvation”, and not “What I am saying to you right now might actually cause you to be finally saved”.
On page 22 of his book, Waldron critiques A.W. Pink for advocating that Jesus’ apparent desire for the salvation of the Pharisees was merely a statement of his human will, not of his divine will. Waldron acknowledges that this is a valid distinction to make in other places in the Scriptures, citing Matthew 24:36, but does not recognise it being valid here. Critically, he fails to provide a rubric or standard by which this conclusion should be accepted. Essentially, it appears that he accepts the division of divine will/human will in texts where that distinction aligns with his commitments, but not in those where it doesn’t. Personally, this author does not think that Waldron is that double-minded or inconsistent exegetically, but in this part of his book he gives us no reason to think otherwise.
So, when Waldron says, “What conclusion must be deduced from the evidence? It is plain that the unavoidable implication of John 5:34 is that Jesus speaking on behalf of God the Father expressed a desire and intention for the salvation of men who were finally lost.” (p24), we say not so fast, brother. It is not obvious or self-evident that that text carries the weight you pile upon it.
Further issues with unqualified equivocation
In this foray, we have suggested that God has a propensity from his nature to love repentance and desire faithfulness, though this propensity need not be considered as having progressed towards the state of volition (of willing a certain outcome to take place, of having a discrete desire that those outcomes should take place, of planning for that to happen). In that light, please ruminate on these following suggestions and offers regarding the nature of God’s revealed will.
When considering God’s ‘revealed will’, specifically by which we refer to such things as the two tables of the law, ceremonial rules and directions etc, we are speaking of instructions that God has given to his people to fulfil. That all men should repent and believe the gospel is God’s revealed will, because it represents the course of action which is justly required by man’s sinfulness in the face of God’s holiness. It can be called appropriate, fitting, praiseworthy and more.
However, it is God’s purpose and good pleasure that many men should in fact not repent and come to salvation. If we affirm the Scriptures that all things happen according to God’s will and counsel, and that God does all that he pleases, then do we not violate the law of noncontradiction by insisting that God wills to save the reprobate in any manner comparable to his will to save the elect? This point is so critical that we shall say it again a second way. Do we not violate the God-given requirements of logic if we say that the way God wills to save the reprobate is at all similar or comparable to the way God wills to save the elect?
Imagine if a chef told you that they tried just as hard to cook two parmigianas and wanted them both to turn out well, but one of them was a culinary masterpiece and the other one was still frozen, covered in oil, squishing a pile of chips still in their plastic packaging, and smeared with ranch that had turned. You would be totally in the right to insist that the chef did not treat them both the same way, or that he was actually unable to bring his intention to pass with the second one.
So, we feel drawn to conclude that we must say that God has a will which is genuine, decretive and effectual, and one which is merely imperative, dispositional, propense and pre-volitional. However, as stated previously, there is no getting away from the fact that the Scripture describes God’s thwarted preceptive will as a true will. However, if this preceptive and ineffectual will must be stuck fast with such labels as ‘genuine’ and ‘well-meant’ then I must ask for definitions of ‘genuine’ and ‘well-meant’, because I have never genuinely offered something that I knew all along I would certainly not give, and for which I had a higher sublime purpose against giving.
Concluding page 100, Waldron writes, “God earnestly desires the salvation of every man who hears the gospel—with the desire, intention and will—that they might be saved by it”. If you speak this way of God’s ineffectual preceptive will, what linguistic or terminological room have you remaining in which you can differentiate the preceptive from the decretive and effectual? Never before has this author heard a Christian on any other subject say that some course of action was God’s desire, intention and will but that he failed to bring it to pass—or indeed, never really intended to finally bring it to pass. What’s more, what aspect of the English word ‘might’ does Waldron intend by this usage? If simply to describe that something which was once categorically unavailable has become available, i.e. ‘that they can now be saved by it’, then fair enough. However, the other common meaning is the subjunctive mood (an indication of desire for a possible but uncertain outcome) that you understand in the phrase ‘that I might go shopping later if I feel up to it’. Altogether, Waldron’s use of this language leaves a reader such as yours truly, utterly confused. He believes that there was never a chance that those men might have been saved by the proclaimed gospel because of the doctrine of Election, and yet he speaks as if God was working and willing just as forcefully towards an outcome he didn’t ordain as to an outcome he did ordain. The last time we found a Christian writing so frustrating was in the unnecessary metaphors and muddy analogies of Clive Lewis’ Mere Christianity.
To the reader who considers this author hard-hearted or is worried that we make God out to be somehow unfair or unloving, please think very hard about this: what do ‘genuine’ and ‘well-meant’ mean if God knows beyond a shadow of a doubt that he has not purchased the salvation of the non-elect and that either way these reprobates would not accept it? Would you really be prepared to tell an unbeliever that God genuinely offered salvation to those Pharisees, when he was not going to give it, and they were not going to receive it? Is that genuine?
We groan inwardly at even writing such weighty words as those, but this author will not settle for what feels comfortable or ‘sounds right’ in the face of sincerely reading and investigating a Bible that appears to say something else.
Before we go on, please let us change the tone here for a second. In researching this topic, this author has found a complexity and an interrelation with other subjects so deep and so scholarly that it supersedes any other researched topic in its complexity. Therefore, please hear all of the thoughts, suggestions and arguments that you have read as attempts at the problem and developments, but not as conclusive or comprehensive final statements. The way that the subject of the two wills of God interacts with a myriad of other subjects is truly mind-blowing, and an author like this one that you are reading does not have the time, nor the scholarly pedigree to parse out all that has been written. One treatment we read that was thought provoking can be found here.
Waldron claims that “John 5:34, Ezekiel 18:23 and 33:11 and many other passages teach that God commands, wills and desires, the salvation of all who hear the gospel. On the other hand, the Bible teaches that God has not decreed or predestined, or willed, the salvation of all who hear the gospel.” (p. 42)
Waldron evidently recognises the contradiction he is queueing up, so he solves it by appealing to the distinction of decretive/preceptive will of God, but then spends all of page 91 assuring us that it is not proper to talk of two wills in God, but one will only, with two dimensions. How is there no conflict between those two different dispositions held by the two distinct dimensions of God’s otherwise unified will? How does that not create multiplicity? Perhaps it is the intellectual insufficiency of this author that accounts for this, but time and time again it appears that Waldron solves contradictions, not by providing a meaningful system, but by insisting that there is no contradiction, voilà!
On page 100, Waldron criticises the following phrase, “the will of precept has no volitional content”. This is important to consider because it affects some of the proposals we have been building so far. When God reveals his law, is he revealing what man ought to do, or also what he wills that men should do? If perceptive will is not volitional, then calling it a “revealed will” or “preceptive will” is indeed dubious. We would be left with God’s ‘decretive will’, and his ‘preceptive instruction’. Ultimately, Waldron is correct that the Scriptures do use the term ‘will’ even when speaking of God’s clearly unmet statutes, so as a result we cannot simply call his preceptive will instruction, but must allow for it to be some kind of will, or some expression of his one will.
A perilous suggestion: accommodated revelation
It seems Waldron essentially argues (culminating on page 119) that (a) all revealed theology has been accommodated for human understanding and is rife with anthropomorphism and anthropopathism. Following, (b) since the revealed (ectypal) theology has been accommodated from the immediate (archetypal) theology which truly is God’s self-understanding, we must accept that we may encounter things that oppose our logic and reasoning. (c) God truly willing the actual outcome of things he does not decree therefore can be accepted as a “paradox”, not a contradiction.
Let’s stop here for a second. It really is convenient to be able to reconcile contradiction with that get-out-of-jail-free card, ‘paradox’. If indeed, there are such truths in the Christian faith that whether on their face or in deep study cannot be parsed out, we must acknowledge that we reach some points where our theology does not all line up, and be content in trusting God’s revelation and believing all that he has revealed. However, we encounter the classic warning of the boy crying wolf. If there are paradoxes, how are we to adjudicate between true Scriptural paradoxes and mere contradictions hiding behind that moniker? Is there any rubric or standard by which these may be recognised? Otherwise, you have given a blank cheque to those who would introduce false doctrine, since they have only to baptise it in ‘paradox’.
If, as we charitably consider, Waldron is right in saying that all revealed theology (all of what we read and learn in the Bible) has had to go through a process of ‘accommodation’ to our understanding, and that there is some latency in that process, such that we could arrive at apparent contradictions in the mere revelation itself, how on Earth are we to rebut and disprove the detractors of the Christian faith who would argue that any number of controversial doctrines (headship and submission, God’s abomination of sin, God’s sovereignty in salvation and damnation, the exclusivity of the Saviour) are merely the result of theology being accommodated to our understanding, but that the immediate reality in the mind of God is actually exactly in line with our current cultural fads?
Please consider, Christian reader, these things whenever such a Pandora’s box is opened to you. It may be convenient at the time, or for winning a particular argument, but where will it lead you?
To give this author’s own thoughts, we must forthrightly admit that the mind of God is too profound a thing to be perfectly understood by mere men, the way this author would expect to understand the mind of a peer. If we do not expect grasshoppers to understand the bombastic joy of P.G. Wodehouse or the earthy imagery of Seamus Heaney, nor the prophetic allegory of George Orwell, why would we expect mere humans to understand the mind of the eternal and omniscient God, who differs from us more greatly than we differ from the grasshopper?
So, rightfully we acknowledge that God uses anthropopathisms when describing his interactions in time (yearning, waiting, repenting, investigating, singing) which, although borrowing from the verbs appropriate to incarnate man, properly reflect the actions of God. Likewise anthropomorphisms (speaking of God’s right hand, his bosom, his face, his feet, the train of his garment) borrow from the shape of human man to describe true aspects of the non-incarnate Father, and we acknowledge that this is true and good, because after all the Spirit saw it fit for including in the 66 books he inspired.
However, we do not accompany Waldron in letting this ‘accommodated revelation’ justify that the impassibility of God is not violated by his having ‘unfulfilled desires’, if these desires are as real and genuine and heart-felt as Waldron has laboured to say that they are. If this author is the one at fault, we pray sincerely and with anguish that God would illuminate those texts in his word, which will be balms and salves to our otherwise resistant conscience.
So, having erected the battlement of accommodated theology to hide behind, Waldron simply rejects (without argumentation) that it necessarily follows from the impassibility of God that he has no desires which are not fulfilled. For such a weighty pronouncement, even a basic argument would be deserving.
In another surprising and mildly concerning turn, Waldron positively cites an analogy given by Dabney in which George Washington has internally conflicting desires and emotions regarding a decision he must make, and his patriotism and justice win out over his mercy and compassion. Such an analogy does not bolster the concept of the impassibility of God in the subjection of some desires under others, but rather opens God up to a comparison of internal conflict which seems totally out of step with the Scriptures.
How did we get from the God who is self-sufficient and internally pleased with himself, his plan and his actions, to a God whose desires conflict against one another, and who must subject some of his attributes to others, all the while ending up with unfulfilled desires for salvation towards the reprobate? We respect the name and reputation of Waldron, but if his name were not on this book, we would assume that it was written by a first year philosophy major, not a seasoned minister.
Our final citation from his book is drawn from the penultimate page (p. 142), in which he writes:
“We must preach the gospel with sincerity and truth being confident of the fact that not only does God genuinely and sincerely desire the salvation of all those to whom we are preaching, but also that he will effectually save some who were preordained for such before the foundation of the world. We can be assured of the fact that we will not love the souls of lost sinners nor desire their salvation more than God does himself, it is for this reason that he has commissioned us to preach to every creature”.
We reject the notion that if God did not desire to save the reprobate, and yet we have earnestly desired their salvation and made constant supplication to God towards that end, that we have somehow loved the soul of a lost sinner more than God. After all, in one day, God loves the reprobate sinner by letting them take their every breath and open their eyes in the morning by showing them his beautiful sunrise, by providing them with food to break their fast, by enabling them to use technology and machines that improve their quality of life, by enjoying filial and fraternal love and loyalty, by sending the rains on their lawns and gardens, by having them live in a place where Christians may come and improve their lives by loving them and blessing them with the friendship and community of the church, etc. We flatly reject the idea that if God, though never having worked for their salvation, does all that, but Mr Christian prays once for them for thirty-five seconds, that Mr Christian has loved them better. Rather, we maintain that the simple and commonsense reason for the promiscuous presentation of the gospel is that Christ has commanded it implicitly in his great commission, and that we cannot know who is elect and who is reprobate, so we can earnestly work and pray towards the salvation of both, and God will work to save those who he loves with the saving love he has for his bride, while he continues to love the reprobate with the common grace love he has for all creation.
In conclusion, this author will attempt to make three simple points to reflect his current standpoint:
- We must speak of both the Decretive will of God, which cannot be thwarted and which governs every moment and molecule of all creation and providence; and the Preceptive will of God, which is properly called a will and not merely an instruction, though it is routinely thwarted. We stand silent if asked to explain how God has one will and not two, when such things are the case, but believe it to be Biblical.
- Despite the thwarting of God’s revealed will, if we attempt to speak of any ‘unfulfilled desire in God’ resulting from the thwarting of his revealed will, it is not that kind of true thwarting that would arise if God’s decree were undermined.
- God loves his elect with a unique saving love that he does not have for the reprobate, such that we can say ‘God loves his bride and hates the reprobate’ when speaking of God’s covenantal saving love, however we must also maintain that God loves all his creation with a common grace love which is real and actual, such that we can say God both (savingly/covenantally) hates and (with reference to common grace and propensity) loves the reprobate sinner at the time.
Finally, dear friends, a post-script designed to demonstrate this author’s readiness for correction. If you see an inconsistency or unbiblical turn in our writing here, please comment either online or in person. This author is not infallible, nor perfected in knowledge and sanctification. Hopefully, you can see the earnestness with which we have assailed this icy mountain, and that that tenacious well-meaning attitude would temper any accusation of heterodoxy you may feel justified in levelling.
Finally finally, to the most patient reader who has read all this way and not skipped anything, we heartily commend you, thank you for your tenacity, and recognise that a panadol and a muffin may be needed after the headache this article has likely induced. Whether you leave with or without a muffin, go with God, and with the promiscuous offer of the wonderful Gospel on your lips to all creatures of our God and King.